What did Nicolas Appert mistakenly believe was the cause of food spoilage?
Answer
Air
Despite achieving empirical success in preserving food via heat treatment, Appert operated without modern microbiological knowledge. He hypothesized that the spoilage agents were related to the ambient environment he was trying to exclude. Specifically, he focused intensely on achieving a perfect seal because he incorrectly attributed the decay process to the presence of 'bad air' entering the container, thus making the exclusion of air his primary practical goal in sealing the bottles.

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Nicolas Appert and the Invention of Canning - YouTube
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