Which compounds found in raw borage leaves and flowers are known to be toxic to the liver upon ingestion?

Answer

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs)

A significant safety concern arises specifically from consuming the unprocessed parts of the borage plant, namely the leaves and flowers, especially when taken raw or in large, sustained quantities. These plant materials contain naturally occurring compounds known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids, or PAs. These alkaloids carry a known risk profile because they are hepatotoxic, meaning they are toxic to the liver when ingested regularly or in high doses. This potential for liver damage is the primary reason for the strong caution surrounding raw borage consumption. The specialized processing used to create borage seed oil aims to remove these harmful alkaloids, shifting the safety profile considerably away from the raw herb.

Which compounds found in raw borage leaves and flowers are known to be toxic to the liver upon ingestion?

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